Textile & Fashion World

Objects:

1.To know about gearing systems of the m/c.
2.To know production of speed frame.
3.To find out spindle speed.
4.To find out bobbin speed.

Main parts:

1.Motor
2.Motor pulley
3.M/C pulley
4.Main shaft
5.Fast wheel
6.Differential box
7.Last wheel
8.Draft change pinion
9.Twist change pinion
10.Rachet wheel
11.Gear wheel
12.Bevel gear
13.Top cone drum
14.Bottom cone drum

Specification:

Motor rpm = 960
Motor pulley dia = 5˝
M/C pulley dia = 7˝
Cradle wheel C = 40T
Cradle carrier wheel D = 44T
Spindle speed change wheel E = 55T
Differential motion spur wheel V = 19T
Jack wheel W = 36T
Bobbin shat chain wheel X = 32T
Bobbin shat wheel Y = 40T
Bobbin pinion Z = 22T
Swivel carrier wheel U = 51T
Differential motion carrier wheel T = 50T
Tender shaft wheel S = 40T
Tender wheel R = 68T
Bottom cone drum change wheel Q = 18T
Tender swivel bracket carrier wheel e = 36T
Top lifter change wheel f = 20T
Wheel on stud bevel g = 44T
Stud bevel wheel h = 22T
Double upright bevel wheel j = 22T
Double upright bevel wheel k = 18T
Reversing bevel l = 70T
Reversing bevel m = 70T
Bobbin lifter change pinion n = 14T
Socket swivel carrier wheel p = 72T
Socket stud wheel q = 13T
Lifter shaft wheel r = 57T
Lifter shaft pinion t = 18T
Lifter rack u
Spindle shaft driving sprocket F = 34T
End spindle shaft sprocket G = 32T
Spindle wheel I = 22T
Spindle shaft wheel H = 40T
Twist change wheel J = 30T
Twist carrier wheel K = 88T
Twist constant change wheel L = 28T
Front roller driving wheel M = 30T
First carrier wheel N = 62T
Second carrier wheel O = 40T
Large front roller wheel P = 81T
Front roller dia = 1˝
Top cone drum dia = 6.5˝
Bottom cone drum dia = 3.87˝ 

Calculation:
Conclusion: The gearing of Speed frame m/c is very complex. Moreover there are several change wheels and pinions, so proper attention and care is necessary during taking specification and doing calculation. From this practical we can asses about different speeds and productions of speed frame. I think this will help me in my future.

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Object:
1. To know about the different parts of the ring frame.
2. To know about the function of the different parts of the ring frame machine.
3. To know about the driving mechanism of the spindle
4. To calculate the front roller delivery of the machine
5. To study the machine in order to improve our technical knowledge.

Gearing Diagram Ring Frame:

Fig: Gearing diagram of ring frame

Machine specification:

• RPM of the motor = 1440
• Diameter of the motor pulley = 5″
• Diameter of the tin cylinder pulley = 10.5″
• Diameter of the tin cylinder = 10″
• Diameter of the wharve = 1.125″
• No of teeth of lower grip wheel = 26T
• No of teeth of upper grip wheel = 46T
• No of teeth of fibre wheel = 42T
• No of teeth of twist carrier wheel = 86T
• No of teeth of twist wheel = 48T
• No of teeth of front roller driving wheel = 98T
• Diameter of front roller = 1″

Calculation:

Result:
Spindle Speed = 6095.24 rpm
Front roller delivery = 323.56 inch/min

Conclusion:
Our teacher and lab assistants are very much helpful to us. Their well teaching and instruction help us greatly to understand this practical. I think this practical will be very helpful in my future career. 

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Objects:
1. To know the necessary specification for calculation.
2. To know how to calculate the coils/inch of roving bobbin.

Theory:

M/c specification:
1. Rpm of motor pulley = 960
2. Motor pulley diameter = 5″
3. Machine pulley diameter = 7″
4. Cradle wheel = 40T
5. Cradle carrier wheel = 55 T
6. No of teeth in TCP = 28T
7. No of teeth in TCCP = 30T
8. Diameter of top cone drum = 6.5″
9. Diameter of bottom cone drum = 3.87″
10. Bottom cone drum change wheel = 18T
11. No of teeth of fender wheel = 68T
12. No of teeth of fender shaft wheel = 30T
13. Fender swivel bracket carrier wheel = 36T
14. Top lifter change wheel = 18T
15. Wheel on stud bevel = 44T
16. Stud bevel wheel = 22T
17. Double upright bevel wheel = 22T
18. Double upright bevel wheel = 18T
19. Reversing bevel = 70T
20. Reversing bevel = 70T
21. Bobbin lifter change pinion = 16T
22. Socket swivel carrier wheel = 72T
23. Socket stud wheel = 13T
24. Differential motion carrier wheel = 57T

Fig: Gearing diagram of Roving Frame to calculate no of coils per inch of the roving bobbin

Calculation:
We know, Bobbin speed = 822
Spindle speed = 749
Therefore, Coils per minute = 822 – 749
                                          = 73
Result:
No. of coils per inch = 11.

Conclusion: 

Our teacher and lab assistants are very much helpful to us. Their well teaching and instruction help us greatly to understand this practical. I think this practical will be very helpful in my future career.


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Objects:
1. To provide reversing motion of the bobbin rail.
2. To transfer the cone drum belt so that bobbin speed is decreased with the increase of bobbin dia.
3. To make the tapering shape pf the bobbin.

Function of building mechanism:
1) To transfer the cone drum belt.
2) To traverse the bobbin rail.

1) To transfer the cone drum belt:
This mechanism consists of following machine parts.
i) Dead wt.
ii) Rack driving wheel.
iii) Rack
iv) Vertical shaft.
v) Connecting rod.
vi) Connecting bar.
vii) Ratchet wheel.

There is a dead wt. at one end of the mechanism which causes the vertical shaft to rotate. They are connected through a chain. There is a rack driving wheel connected to the vertical shaft. The rack is behind the rack driving wheel. The motion of vertical shaft causes the rack driving wheel to rotate. If rack wheel rotate in the clockwise direction, it cause the rack to move in the left side. The be of cone drum is connected with the rack through a connecting rod. The left side movement of rack causes the belt to move to the left, thus reducing bobbin speed with its increasing dia.

The rack driving wheel moves in the anticlockwise direction then rack will move to the right causes the belt to move to the right. The rotation of vertical shaft is controlled by ratchet wheel. The movement of vertical shaft may be continuous due to dead weight. But ratchet wheel controls its movement. The ratchet wheel makes a 0.5 inch movement after completing winding of one layer of roving on the bobbin. As vertical shaft is connected with ratchet wheel it cannot move continuously. Again the amount of shifting of belt depends upon roving thickness i.e. on roving count. The amount of shifting of belt is controlled by replacement of ratchet wheel on by substitution of change wheels. When the bobbin is fully wound the belt must be moved back to its starting point. Today it is usually done automatically.

2) To traverse the bobbin rail:
Second function of the building mechanism is to traverse the bobbin rail. If the bobbin does not traverse the roving will wind in only one position thus making the package unstable. So to wind roving on to full length of bobbin it requires traversing motion of bobbin rail. It is done by the above mechanism. 

In this mechanism the following parts are available.
a. Rack driving wheel.
b. Rack
c. Lifter change pinion.
d. Double bevel.
e. Fixed bevel.
f. Bobbin rail driving shaft.
g. Connecting rod.

The connecting rod gets traversing motion from building mechanism. Double bevel is on the connecting rod. During the motion of the connecting rod when the left bevel comes in contact with the fixed bevel it gets motion from the fixed bevel. The fixed bevel has a definite direction of movement. If it moves in anti clockwise direction the left bevel will move in clockwise direction. Through gear train bobbin rail driving shaft will also move in clockwise direction. The rack driving

Wheel which is on it will also move in clockwise direction. Thus causing the rack to move in downward direction. Again when right bevel comes in contact with fixed bevel it will move in anti-clock wise direction. Through gear train the bobbin rail driving shaft will also move in anti-clock wise direction. So the rack will move in upward direction. In this way traversing of bobbin rail occurred.

Conclusion:
The function of building mechanism of the speed frame is to transfer the cone drum belt and to traverse the bobbin rail. By this practical we learn about the building mechanism of speed frame practically. Special thanks to our teacher and his assistance for helping us. 

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Object:
1. To produce required count of yarn from the supplied roving by the drafting.
2. To insert sufficient amount of twist to the yarn.
3. To wind the yarn onto the bobbin.
4. To build the yarn package properly.

Main Parts Ring Frame:
1. Creel
2. Guide roller
3. Trumpet
4. Drafting rollers
5. Yarn guide
6. Lappet
7. Balloon controlling ring
8. Traveler
9. Ring
10. Spindle

Specification:
I. Name of manufacturer: Platts.
II. No of spindle: 64
III. Ring dia: 6.2 cm
IV. Lift of the bobbin: 9”

Passage diagram:

Fig: Passage Diagram of Ring frame

Description:
The feed material come from speed frame i.e. roving bobbin is placed on the creel. The creel which is attached to the machine is umbrella type. Then feed material is passed under the guide rollers and through the trumpet in to the drafting zone. Here some draft is inserted in to the roving. The draft system is 3 over 3 drafting system with apron. The delivery material that is delivered from the front roller is reached to the traveler over pneumatic waste collector, lappet and through balloon controlling ring. Lappet is used to control the material path and balloon controlling ring is used to control the balloon formation and spinning tension. Here roving is twisted by the movement of the traveler around the ring. The yarn is then wound on the ring cop.

Conclusion:
Our teacher and lab assistants are very much helpful to us. Their well teaching and instruction help us greatly to understand this practical. I think this practical will be very helpful in my future career. 

http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/search/label/Ring%20Frame 

Experiment Name: Study on ring doubling frame
1.Spindle speed, front roller delivery.
2.Twist, twist Constant.

Objects:
1) To combine two or more single threads into one.
2) To insert sufficient amount of twist for holding the yarns.
3) To increase strength, smoothness and luster.
4) To reduce hairiness.
5) To make sewing thread.
6) To wind a suitable bobbin.

Main parts:  

Specification:

• Motor rpm = 1430
• Motor pulley diameter = 6.25²
• Machine pulley diameter = 10.25²
• Tin cylinder diameter = 10²
• Wharve diameter = 1.37²
• Cylinder carrier wheel = 24T
• TCP carrier wheel = 62T
• TCP = 63T
• Front roller diameter = 2’’

Calculation:

Gearing diagram of doubling frame: 

 

Figure: gearing diagram of doubling frame.

Result:
1) Spindle speed = 6461.59 rpm
2) Twist constant = 1235.25
3) Front roller delivery = 319.143 inch/min.
4) Existing TPI = 20
5) Production = 14.37 lb/shift/frame.
6) Required TPI = 16.266
7) Required TCP =76.25T

Conclusion: 

By this experiment we come to know about various parts and working principle of ring doubling frame. This machine is important for producing double yarn on sewing thread. 

Experiment name : Study on drafting and draft constant calculation of simplex m/c.

Introduction: It is an important factor to make fibres long and thick by drawing while making yarn from fibres. It is known as drafting. This work is done by pairs of rollers. In simplex m/c using any of the following drafting system drafts applied.

1.Conventional/roller drafting system.
a.3 over 3 roller drafting system
b.4 over 4 roller drafting system

2.Modern drafting system
a.With apron
b.Without apron

In this simplex m/c conventional 4 over 4 roller drafting is used.

Description: There are 4 pairs of rollers which are situated up and down in pairs. Usually the bottom rollers are made of steel and snarled type, which are kept on u type bearing. Usually the front roller can not be moved but the others can be moved according to fibre length. There is a steel trap at the back of the last roller which is spreaded along the full length. This strip has a hole through which the sliver is entered. These holes are called guide hole. These guide holes help the sliver to pass through the specific place of the rollers and the stip moves to and fro by a cam so that the rollers are not harmed in same place. The top rollers are coated with leather, flannel etc and loaded on the bottom rollers. The total draft given to the sliver is divided in to two. In back zone that is between the 3rd and back roller, the draft given is called break draft. This draft prepares the sliver for the final draft of the front zone and break the twist if remains in sliver. Its amount depends on twist, amount of feed, characteristics of fibre etc. It is usually form 1.1 to up to 2. The rest draft of the total draft is given between 1st, 2nd and 3rd rollers. The total draft in simplex is usually 10-15.

Objects:

1.To find out the total draft of m/c.
2.To find out the draft of every zone.
3.To find out the draft constant of m/c.

Specifications:

Diameter of front roller = 9/8″
Diameter of 2nd roller = 9/8″
Diameter of 3rd roller = 7/8″
Diameter of back roller = 1″
Teeth of back gear = 21
Teeth of 3rd gear = 21
Teeth of 2nd gear = 19
Teeth of front gear = 20
Teeth of DCCP = 70
Teeth of DCP = 70
Teeth of gear a = 28
Teeth of gear b = 76
Teeth of gear c = 80
Teeth of gear d = 21
Teeth of gear e = 50
Teeth of gear f = 81

Gearing diagram 4 over 4 rollerDrafting System: 

Introduction:
Twist is the spiral turns given to a yarn to increase the strength of the yarn. But in speed frame machine vary small amount of twist is given to the roving to make it able to wound onto a bobbin. For a fibrous material twist is measured by the parameter twist per inch (TPI), twist per centimeter or twist per meter (TPM). For the cotton sample twist is measured by TPI.

In speed frame machines twist per unit is varied with the variation of raw material and its different parameters. This variation of twist is inserted by changing a wheel that is connected with the main driving shaft named twist change pinion (TCP). And the multiply of TCP and TPI, present in a machine is called twist constant. This value is applicable for any required twist with corresponding TCP. So we can find out the required TCP to get a given TPI. The generalize formulae is as below: 

Specification:

• Front roller carrier wheel :80T(A)
• Twist constant change pinion carrier:30T(B)
• Twist constant change pinion:30T(C)
• Twist change pinion:28T(D)
• Sprocket wheel:34T(E)
• Sprocket pinion:36T(F)
• Spindle carrier wheel:40T(G)
• Spindle wheel:22T(H)

GEARING DIAGRAM:

Fig: Gearing diagram of speed frame

Calculation:
 

Result:
Twist per inch TPI → 1.56
Required TCP → 33

Conclusion:
Speed frame is the first machine which enables the winding of the fibrous material on to a package. From this machine the fibre gets a circular shape which is very advantageous to be used in ring spinning. So the importance of this machine is very much. In this experiment we indicate different gearing diagram of the twist inserting portion; specify it and calculate twist and twist constant. We found a satisfactory result. So the experiment is a successful one. 

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Objectives:

1. To draft the sliver to reduce weight per unit length.
2. To insert small amount of twist to strengthen the roving to prevent breakage during next processing.
3. To make conical or tapper shape of the bobbin.
4. To wind twisted strand on the bobbin.

M/c specification:
Platts
The United Kingdom.
Main parts:
1.Separators
2.Guide rollers
3.Drafting rollers
4.Dead weight
5.Flyers
6.Spindles
7.Motor

Fig: Passage diagram of Simplex

M/c description: Drawframe slivers are fed to the roving frame in large cans. The slivers are passed through separators and then over the guide rollers and tension rollers. Now the slivers are passed through the drafting rollers. There is dead weight over these drafting rollers. Here generally 6-15 draft is given. The delivered slivers are too thin to hold themselves together and so twist is needed. The drafted strands of fibres are then passed through flyers. These flyers create twist in the fibre strands by rotating and twist is usually 30-65 per meters. There are spindles in the flyers on which the twisted fibres i.e. roving are wound.

Required data:

1.Pitch of spindle = 7.5 inches
2.No. of flyers = 40
3.Bobbinn length = 11.5 inches
4.Lift of bobbin = 10.3 inches
5.Outer diameter of bobbin = 1.75 inches
6.Inner diameter of bobbin = 1.3 inches

Conclusion: The passage of material through the simplex m/c is easy. During this passage, three works are done on the sliver: drafting, twisting and winding. The output of this machine is roving which is then fed into the Ringframe. Ringframe is the last m/c of yarn spinning and after that m/c, we get yarn.

Principle:
In this method, fiber fineness is measured by air flow. If large amount of air is blown, the fiber will be coarse and if small amount of air is blown, the fiber will be fine. The method based on this principle.

This is an indirect method of measuring fibre fineness which is based on the fact that the airflow at a given pressure difference through a uniformly distributed mass of fibres is determined by the total surface area of the fibres . 

Fig: Fiber Fineness is Measured by the Airflow Method

The surface area of a fibre (length X circumference) is proportional to its diameter but for a given weight of sample the number of fibres increases with the fibre fineness so that the specific surface area (area per unit weight) is inversely proportional to fibre diameter; Fig. shows this diagrammatically. Because the airflow varies with pressure difference it is the ratio of airflow to differential pressure that is determined by the fibre diameter. Therefore the method can be used to measure either the airflow at constant pressure or the pressure drop at constant airflow.

The measurement of airflow at constant pressure is the more usual form of apparatus with wool. For fibres of approximately circular cross-section and constant overall density such as unmedullated wool, the estimate of fineness corresponds to the average fibre diameter as determined by the projection microscope with a good degree of accuracy. 

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Objects:
1) To find out draft, draft constant of the ring frame.
2) To find out draft of each zone of the ring frame.

M/C specifications:

• RPM of the motor =1440
• Dia of the motor pulley = 5”
• Dia of the tin cylinder pulley = 10.5”
• Dia of the tin cylinder = 10”
• Dia of the wharve = 1.125”
• No of teeth of fibre wheel = 42T
• No of teeth of front roller driving wheel = 98T
• Dia of the front roller = 1”

Gearing diagram:

Figure :- Gearing Diagram of Drafting Zone of Speed Frame Machine

Calculation of draft, draft constant and draft of each zone of the ring frame:

 

Conclusion:
Ring frame is the final and very important machine for build the yarn onto bobbin in a form suitable for storage, transportation and processing. It is used to twist the drafted strand to form yarn of required count and strength. 

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